Test rig has bearing on wind turbine performance

Alternative energy generation is becoming an important part of the power generation mix. Alongside the growing expertise in the construction of generating systems such as wind turbines is the development of ever-greater power generation. Already, turbines in operation have an installed power of up to 5 megawatts (MW). With legislation putting tough targets on CO2 reduction, it is likely that both the amount of installed wind power and the size of individual generating units will grow.

With 3 MW turbines standing at a height of 90 meters, large bearing systems are required at the heart of the generation machine. This is why SKF has built the test rig to support the validation of new bearing designs and advanced calculation tools in a full-scale bearing.

Germany, which operates both onshore and offshore wind farms, is one of the most enthusiastic users of this alternative energy source and, thus, an appropriate location for such a facility.

Along with increasingly greater installed power is the trend for increasingly larger bearings inside the turbines. The most commonly produced SKF main rotor shaft bearing is a special double-row tapered roller bearing with an outside diameter of almost 2.4 meters. This bearing is the largest main rotor bearing for wind turbines manufactured in series production. So far, some 1,500 bearings have been produced for one customer.

These harvesters of the wind are frequently sited in remote geographic locations, which are often difficult to access. This creates an increased demand for reliable performance of both the turbines and the bearings in the equipment. Despite its long and successful history in bearing development, using advanced manufacturing techniques and high-end design and calculation tools, SKF development engineers are faced with the need to answer a basic question from wind power customers: ”Are your calculations validated?”

After an extended evaluation of the testing strategy, the decision was taken to develop a full-scale test rig that enables the engineers to investigate these very large bearings.

The SKF test center in Schweinfurt in Germany was selected to design, build and operate the test rig. A key consideration in the choice of location was the proximity to the factory for large bearings, as well as to product development engineers and the experienced staff of the department.

The development of the test rig involved a continuous assessment of the intended and the achievable goals within the set timeframe. Indeed, the rig was completed within an 18-month time frame. The design and construction of the test rig involved:

• the definition of the test and measurement parameters
• the development of the test rig design
• finding appropriate suppliers for the rig components
• advanced calculations of the rig components and of the bearings in the loaded conditions.

Large double-row tapered roller bearings can now be tested close to the factory instead of in the final application, without all the implications of accessibility and varying operating conditions. The bearings can be tested at speeds up to 60 revolutions per minute, which is more than three times the speed used in real applications. The rig enables various lubricants, lubricant distribution and lubrication conditions to be monitored closely, while the bearing loads can be increased up to twice the load carrying capacity of the bearing. At the same time, the friction performance, elastic deformations, temperatures and other parameters are evaluated.

Design and manufacturing engineers from SKF believe that it opens new opportunities in large bearing design. Indeed, some of the first comments about the rig, with its numerous hydraulic load cylinders set on the perimeter of the inner rings, compared it with the booster of a science-fiction rocket that opens doors to new frontiers.

The new test rig enables the validation of SKF’s advanced calculation tools for large-size applications in terms of friction performance, lubrication behavior, seal performance and life calculations. New designs and manufacturing processes can be validated in full scale, and important information on material response can be derived from the tests. SKF’s condition monitoring equipment installed on the rig enables the service condition personnel to hone their skills without traveling to remote locations.

Since the start of the testing campaign, the rig has drawn high-level attention to SKF from both customers and political leaders. The test rig proves SKF’s leadership in this bearing technology, its contribution to the reduction of energy consumption and the support in generating ”green” energy. The test rig will be an important stepping stone in entering the even bigger and more powerful wind turbine market of the future.

About the author:
Armin Schlereth is the testing manager at SKF Automotive Division in Schweinfurt, Germany. For more information on SKF and its products and services, visit www.skf.com.